Frederick County Visitor Center. This seemed to be as much a part of Franklin and Armfields culture of business as, say, going to the bar after a successful court case might be the culture of a successful law firms business.. And thats what the times were. She deflects the subject politely. Boxley lets less than a second pass. He and his nephew, John Armfield, headquartered their operation in Alexandria, Virginia, and they began to trade. They packed flatboats with whiskey, tobacco, cotton and hogs, floated them down to New Orleans, sold the goods on the levee, and then sold the boat, Thomson says. It worked like this: Relying on a network of headhunters spread across Virginia, Maryland and the District, Armfield would round up enslaved people, holding them in an open-air pen behind the house in Alexandria or sometimes in its crowded, filthy basement until hed amassed a sufficient number: usually between 100 and 200. After Duck River, in Tennessee, came the Keg Springs Stand. A walk through the house, a look at the kitchen where all the work was done, a walk through the slave cemetery, a rundown of the people who lived and died here, white and blackthanks to Laise, Belle Grove is not a house museum that shorts the stories of slaves. I shook my mothers hand and held it a little too long, and she suspicioned something, Glenn said. In the old days, there were few black people here, a lot of Quakers and the beginning of an antislavery movement. As for Sarah and Indian, they had been taken from Sarahs husband and her mother. It is a fine country for the slave to live in and for the master to make money in. And by the way, The negroes are not only well, but appear happy and pleased with the country and prospect before them., At the village of Benton a week before Christmas 1847, Waller huddled with his gang in a ferocious storm. It ran to 900 pages. In 1833, John Armfield shipped a gang of people to Natchez, where Isaac Franklin received them. I wrote the text for four of the markers, he says, sitting on a bench and looking over the grass. His slave pen appears on old maps, labeled negro mart.. In Raymond, thanks to Thomas Dabney, Waller had gotten in touch with a slave seller named James Ware, a 42-year-old with Virginia roots. On the dark slope after 40, since you ask. He was sold to a man from Mississippi, his mother to a man from Texas. Franklin sold the enslaved woman and her baby right after his wedding. Next came wagons with the young children and those who could no longer walk. Many people had scars from whipping. Double Oaks is a significant historic property, honored by placement on the National Register in 1985. Every Sunday, preachers around the South looked out at congregations and read announcements from Lost Friends and columns like it. Overland coffles would have used the road that molders off in the trees. You would get paid $3 for 100 pounds of picking cottonthat is, if you were lucky to find a farmer who would employ you.. Terms of Use [1] He was also the developer of Beersheba Springs, and a co-founder of Sewanee: The University of the South . Enslaved persons--Correspondence. Isaac Franklin and John Armfield first met in 1824, when Armfield seems to have been at loose ends. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine But something happened early on, although it is not clear just what. McQuinn was raised in Richmond, the capital of Virginia and the former capital of the Confederacya city crowded with monuments to the Old South. The floor is a marble mosaic. Elcho (Plantation : Madison Parish, La.) Then he remembers why he wanted to write the book. This morning finds us six miles west of Abingdon, Waller wrote home from one of the richer towns. Perhaps in an hour I may be on the river.. I grew up in the Deep South, and I am familiar with such ideas, shared by many whites in Mr. Thomsons generation. On April 1, Waller reached home. Armfield did not want to pay for passage, not with his hundreds. When I got back to Natchez, at age 55, I saw the large tourism industry, and I noticed that nowhere in this chattel-slavery museum town could I find, readily and visibly, stories that reflected the African-American presence. So he started advocating for the Forks. He said his own father knew the name of the people who had enslaved their family in Virginia, knew where they livedin the same house and on the same landin Hanover County, among the rumpled hills north of Richmond. Franklin, who was approaching his 50s, was tired and didnt want to do it anymore, Rothman said. While their business strategy was not especially innovative, it was conducted on a scale bigger and better than anyone else, Rothman said. Those kinds of stubborn myths they need demolition., Aaron Burr villain of Hamilton had a secret family of color, new research shows. Watch out for my Jim Crow kitchen, he says from the other room. My plan is, take my negroes to Raymond about 150 miles from here and put them with Mr. Dabney and look out for purchasers, Waller told his wife. I ring the doorbell at the house the Slave Trail built. They are great people. Bettie was sold to a man named Reed, and I was sold and carried to New Orleans and from there to Texas. He does not make small talk. The negroes are above all wellthey continue in fine spirits and life and appear all happy.. While still a boy, Armfield ran away from home, vowing not to return until he had acquired more wealth than his father, Nathan Armfield. Franklin and Armfield transported an estimated 10,000 enslaved people over the course of their careers, according to Rothman. Mystery solved, she says. There is great demand for fancy maids, [but] I was disappointed in not finding your Charlottesville maid that you promised me. Franklin told the Virginia office to send the Charlottesville maid right away by ship. This is one of the richest portions of the state and perhaps one of the most healthy, he wrote home. As plantations talk more honestly about slavery, some visitors are pushing back, In surviving correspondence, they actually brag about raping enslaved people who theyve been processing through the firm, said Calvin Schermerhorn, a professor of history at Arizona State University. Short white hair, short white beard, khakis, cotton short-sleeve with flap pockets and epaulets. Theophilus Freeman, who sold Solomon Northup, ofTwelve Years a Slave, operated over there. At the same time, that doesnt mean that he didnt have bad habits, Thomson clarifies. In 1857 alone, the sale of people in Richmond amounted to $4 million, McInnis said. And there were lots of them. Based in Alexandria, Virginia, they traded thousands of African Americans to the Deep South and secured millions in profit. Which means that Isaac Franklin was my great-great-great-great-uncle., It is an important gloss, as it turns out: You see, Thomson said, my forebear James Franklin was the family member who introduced Isaac Franklin to the slave business., Taking a seat in an armchair upholstered in wine-colored brocade, he picks up the story. Thomson takes a half-second. Thomas Dabney was an acquaintance from Virginia who had moved to Raymond, on the Natchez Trace, 12 years earlier and doubled his already thick riches as a cotton planter. I ask him to play a debating game. Today as then, Raymond, Mississippi, is a crossroads, population 2,000. Then came second thoughts, and more self-pity: I have not obtained as much as I expected, but I try and be satisfied.. Franklin developed a taste for the business and, after taking a brief break to fight in the War of 1812, dedicated himself to slave trading full-time. Red flags fluttered down the streets in Richmond, on Wall Street in Shockoe Bottom, she said. It was typical on the Slave Trail: People like Waller marched a coffle and sold one or two people along the way to pay the travel bills. 1730) John. Waller was 58, not young but still fit. You have Robert H. Elam operating in the site over there. A few people launch into stories about the brave Confederates. The partners employed stringersheadhunters who worked on commissioncollecting enslaved people up and down the East Coast, knocking on doors, asking tobacco and rice planters whether they would sell. It is 12 feet wide, 25 feet long and covered with kudzu, buried beneath mud and brush. As autumn gathered in 1834, the caravan that John Armfield handed over left Tennessee, bound for Natchez. Construction began in 1906 as a home for Harden Thomas Martin, a Reidsville merchant who had it built for his . He and his young wife came with a colony of Quaker emigrants to Philadelphia in 1718. In the library at Yale I did a bit more unearthing and found a travelogue by a man named Ethan Andrews, who happened to pass through Alexandria a year later and witness the organizing of an Armfield coffle. On the lintel above the door you can see in faded paint its old sign, which reads, ___ CHANGE. The St. Louis Hotel was razed in 1916, but it was in the hotel that the Slave Trail ended in the most spectacular scenes. The fireflies come out in the dwindling dusk. On Tuesday, October 19, the troop headed southwest, Waller leading from his horse and his friend James Taliaferro bringing up the rear, both men armed. You cant judge those people by todays standardsyou cant judge anybody by our standards. Surnames; Search People; It was bigger than the wagon-train migration to the West, beloved of American lore. When Franklin and Armfield retired, they passed easily into elite white society, achieving respectable dotage without a murmur. Ballard, Rice C. (Rice Carter), -1860. Reading lights look like converted oil lamps. No, thats not true, says Erin Greenwald, a curator at the Historic New Orleans Collection. He suspects the abuse, which had no financial purpose, stemmed from a desire for raw power: They did it because they could, and they felt like it.. No answer, despite several cars in the drive. Thin and erect, a crease of a smile, vigorous dark eyes. When Franklin wed a rich socialite in 1839, he had been raping the same enslaved woman for about five years and had fathered a child with her, Rothman said. Waller knew his family. He was not describing the Forks, a mile east of the nice part of town. A woman at a tourist store clarified. In place of towns were stands every 10 or 15 miles. In Roanoke, at a tourist information outlet called Virginias Blue Ridge. He died of old age in 1871. Across the street was another set of buildings and dealers. Then the coffle, like a giant serpent, uncoiled onto Duke Street and marched west, out of town and into a momentous event, a blanked-out saga, an unremembered epic. There they were sold to new bosses and dispersed in a 300-mile radius to the sugar and cotton plantations. But the tourist money is fairly recent. That would be more than $440 million today.. A celebration of life will be held on Friday, March 3rd 2023 at 1:00 PM at the same location. One in particular gives the flavor. Yet today, almost no one knows their names. He was a strict Quaker and a school teacher by profession. Franklin, Isaac, 1789-1846. Families--Southern States. They were sorted by sex and size and made to stand in sequence. Daniel is pleasant, happy to talk about his hardscrabble days. She points to a document from the steamerHibernia, which arrived from Louisville in 1831. No wonder that there should be robberies and assassinations in such a population.. Franklin, meanwhile, stayed mostly in Natchez, Miss., and was responsible for selling their human cargo to plantations in the Deep South. As she talks and points out objects, I notice something I had never seen during many visits to this archive: black people. He spent 35 years in California as an activist, as a teacher, as a foot soldier in anti-poverty programs. After a few days Glenn turned up in Roxboro. Members of the Armfield family among the travelers were J ohn, his wife, and their five sons-William, John, Jr., Robert, Isaac an d Thomas and all their families. The people are made in part of the worst portion of the human race, he wrote. They ran to family, friends, or across state lines to freedom. Every few miles, Armfield and his chained-up gang came to a toll station. A message from a woman who had been snatched from her mother when she was a girl might reach hundreds of thousands. After Swan Creek, McLishs Stand. To my certain knowledge she has been used & that smartly by a one eyed man about my size and age, excuse my foolishness, Isaac Franklins nephew James an employee and his uncles protege wrote in typical business correspondence, referring to Caroline Brown, an enslaved woman who suffered repeated rape and abuse at Jamess hands for five months. By 1835 this place was abuzz with long-distance traders. She was captured and enslaved 400 years ago. John Armfield. The current names of the streets that form the ForksLiberty Road and DEvereaux Drivediffer from the old ones. There were others. The old railroad station, a wooden building with deep eaves, is a used-record store. That comes to $140,000, or about $3.5 million today. Franklin and his business partners, John Armfield and Rice Ballard, were the most important domestic slave traders in American history. I have studied Charles Ball and found no family link to him. By August, Armfield had more than 300 ready for the march. On holidays it is something, we have to rent a community center. Numerous fires were gleaming through the forest: it was the bivouac of the gang, wrote the traveler, George Featherstonhaugh. Waller planned to sell all of them. I wonder aloud. Genealogy for John Franklin Layfayette Armfield (1858 - 1910) family tree on Geni, with over 240 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. His four children all died before they grew up. The Civil War interrupted the fortunes of the southern plantation owners and the cottages acquired by them were taken back by John Armfield. Ten years ago there was an old beer garden standing on this site, where whites watched football and drank, and there was a gravel lot where trucks were parked. The city bought the half-acre lot in 1999, thanks largely to his agitation. The sound of Wallers letters homehe wrote some 20 of them on the Slave Trailis upbeat, a businessman sending word that theres nothing to worry about. The abolitionist, knowing full well Armfields profession, nonetheless wrote: He is a man of fine personal appearance, and of engaging and graceful manners.. He did it, but it is what it is. This letter from 1834 held riches, and I will bring them out by land was, for me, the invaluable line: It referred to a forced march overland from the fields of Virginia to the slave auctions in Natchez and New Orleans. After the women came the big wagonssix or seven in all. John Armfield: Muttenz Descendants, Inc. Muttenz Descendants, Inc. Muttenz Descendants, Inc.is a not-for-profit tax-exempt corporation portraying and honoring the frontier heritage of Muttenz descendants and their neighbors. Former slavesthere were four millionasked by word of mouth, but that went nowhere, and so they put announcements in the papers, trying to find mothers and sisters, children and husbands swept away from them by the Slave Trail. Ten thousand dollars was a considerable sum in 1834the equivalent of nearly $300,000 today. A few bring up their own ethnic lore. They placed ads in local newspapers seeking enslaved people almost every single day they remained in business. Especially for travelers, the markets were a rival to the French Opera House and the Thtre dOrlans. The people in them are well-dressed. Today a few of the plantations survive. The original John Armfield, from whom all the Armfields of whom we know were descended, was born in the north of England in 1695. The drama of a million individuals going so far from their homes changed the country. You know, I have been around blacks all my life. The Natchez people first carved the footpath some 500 years before and used it until about 1800, when they were massacred and dispersed, at which point white travelers took possession of their highway. When Delores McQuinn was growing up, her father told her a story about a search for the familys roots. We studied hundreds of shipping manifests and compiled data on 70,000 individuals. Other white men, similarly armed, were arrayed behind him. She points to a beautiful piece of silk printed with the sentence, Slaves must be cleared at the Customs House. Its a sign that probably hung in staterooms on steamships. A kind of check-your-luggage announcement. He was born in 1789 to a wealthy planter family in Tennessee that owned a significant number of enslaved people, according to Rothman. Wallers testimony, to my knowledge, has never been examined in detail. I have sold out all my negroes to one man for eight thousand dollars! he told his wife. Armfield and his gang of 300 had marched for a month and covered more than 600 miles. PARENT . She was sold for $1250 to one of the most lecherous-looking old brutes I ever set eyes on, the reporter noted. His path to the slave trade was less clear-cut than Franklins. About John Armfield Came to America in 1718 with his wife and a colony of Quaker emigrants to Philadephia. In 1820, the number of ships carrying slaves from Eastern ports into New Orleans was 604. The female slaves were warming themselves. She is a politician now, elected to the city council in the late 1990s and to the Virginia House of Delegates in 2009. They were the parents of at least 2 sons and 4 daughters. Columned, brick and symmetrical, it was just about the finest house in the state, people said, second only to the Hermitage, the estate of President Andrew Jackson. I walk First Street next to the river and stop in front of a shop, Memories Past and PresentAntiques and Collectibles. A man named Daniel starts a conversation. At the Forks, there were no auctions, only haggling. Before he married, Isaac had companions, some willing, some unwilling. Of course, that is only some.. She burst forth in the most frantic wails that ever despair gave utterance to., William Wallers depression lifted after he left New Orleans and returned to Mississippi. The exchanges granite facade can be still found on Chartres Street near the corner of St. Louis Street. She pulls out an October 1824 newspaper ad, placed by Isaac Hite, master of Belle Grove (and brother-in-law to President Madison). The surveyor talked to him for a few hours and saw him as sordid, illiterate and vulgar. Armfield, it seems, had overpowering bad breath, because he loved raw onions. People are still talking about how the slave trade was marginal, slave traders were these ostracized dirtbags, and slaveholders only bought and sold people when they had to, Rothman said. In his late teens, right around the time the United States passed a law barring the transatlantic slave trade, Franklin and his older brothers grew interested in the domestic version: They began transporting small numbers of enslaved people between Virginia and the Deep South. It was a part of life in those days. They didnt buy slaves in order to free them, but to make money.. I want to resurrect the history of the enslavement trade, and for 20 years, that is where Ive focused.. He ran it with great success in his final years, earning visits from very prominent people, including archbishops and the mayor of Nashville, according to Rothman. Born in 1797 to lapsed Quakers who farmed several hundred acres in North Carolina and owned a small number of enslaved people, Armfield spent his early adulthood pursuing a variety of unsuccessful ventures, including a small mercantile shop which he was forced to abandon after his affair. One thing that is hard to document but impossible to ignore is the fancy trade. New Orleans had a niche market. Though unsure what he wanted to do, Armfield was clear on what he didnt: He loathed farming. All the servants were black. They were turning out the new Valley Turnpike, a macadam surface with ditches at the sides. A flatboat could float down the Mississippi to Natchez in two weeks. I have not seen him for ten years. Now, I heard this more than 50 years ago from my great-grandfather, who was born in 1874, or two generations closer than me to the time in question. A clergyman who saw a march toward Shenandoah remembered that the gang members, having left their wives, children, or other near connections and never likely to meet them again in this world, sang to drown the suffering of mind they were brought into. Witnesses said Old Virginia Never Tire was one song all the coffles sang. Brooks Brothers was top-of-the-line slave clothing, Greenwald says. He was born in 1812 in Virginia. They were made to go, deported, you could say, having been sold. Armfield then ordered the men in irons to get in the water. You going to treat me less than a dog? Neither Franklin nor Armfield earned recrimination from their peers during their lifetimes and neither man felt the slightest remorse, according to their papers. The bloodletting here has a kind of glamour. The St. Louis Hotel is one of several places that can be identified as once-upon-a-time slave-trading sites. This sorting arrangement meant that it was more likely children would be sold from their parents. Human bondage began I dont know when, but early, thousands of years ago. Many of the cottages were later acquired by successful merchants and professionals from Nashville and other places in Middle Tennessee. Caravans like Armfields covered about 20 miles a day. I wouldnt have made it too well in slavery days, because I am the kind of person who just could not imagine you would treat me the way they treated people. In 1834, Armfield sat on his horse in front of the procession, armed with a gun and a whip. In their heyday, Isaac Franklin and John Armfield sold between 1,000 and 2,000 enslaved people per year, and by the time Franklin died in 1846, his estate was valued at $710,000 almost $24. A plate of pokeweed yanked up from the field and put on the table is one way of saying a mess. Blair shifts metaphors. More Replies: Re: John Armfield b. The children were asleep in some tents; and the males, in chains, were lying on the ground, in groups of about a dozen each. Meanwhile, the white menwere standing about with whips in their hands.. I sold your fancy girl Alice for $800, Franklin wrote to Rice Ballard, a partner then in Richmond. He lives alone in a five-room cottage in a black section of town, away from the camera-ready center of Natchez. Leave a sympathy message to the family on the memorial page of John Hawkins Jr. to pay them a last tribute. The Wallers lived outside Amherst, Virginia, and owned some 25 black people and a plantation called Forest Grove. Then, hed send the group on an arduous 1,000-mile march to slave markets in Natchez or New Orleans or hed stuff them into one of the companys three massive ships to make the same journey by water. He takes a seat at his melodeon, a portable organ that dates from the 1850s, and plays a few bars of period-appropriate music. The trace was a 450-mile roadtrace being the colonial word for a native trail through forestand the only overland route from the plateau west of the Appalachian Range leading to the Gulf of Mexico. The way I see it, he says, there are a lot of people you have to bury to get rid of. He is white, a face etched by too much sun. Swinging back into Mississippi, Old Factors Stand, LeFleurs Stand, Crowders Stand, others. A black man asks:I am a middle-class father. My direct ancestor is Isaacs brother James. My name was then Hannah Person, it is now Hannah Cole. Whether youre a lifelong resident of D.C. or you just moved here, weve got you covered. I wasnt taught to be prejudiced. The black churches picked it up. But he stood in the door, in front of my grandfather, and lit a match to the papers. No. Through it all, both regularly raped the women they bought and sold and joked about it in letters, a shared habit that deepened their friendship. A clean back was a rarity, and it raised the price. John Armfield Salmon 6 MAY 1823 - 12 FEB 1886 Benjamin Campsall ABT 1769 - JAN 1861 Elizabeth Campsall 10 FEB 1800 - 24 JUL 1874 Ann Thompson ABT 1767 - Family Group Sheet - Child. He had six plantations and 650 slaves.. Wallers letters are imprecise on his route, and by 1847 there were a few roads from Tennessee into Mississippi. In the kitchen are mammy salt shakers, black lawn jockeys, Uncle Tom figurines and memorabilia of other irritating kindslithographs of pickaninnies eating watermelon, an African figure in a grass skirt, a poster for Country Style Corn Meal featuring a bandanna-wearing, 200-pound black woman. Are we responsible for what the slave traders did? His parents named him Clifton M. Boxley. He is loath to spend yet another day probing the dark activities and darker minds of Franklin and Armfield. He knew how rare this was, so he decided to go back to his birthplace and look for his parents. It was bigger than the immigration of Jews into the United States during the 19th century, when some 500,000 arrived from Russia and Eastern Europe. It is rare to have a glimpse of slaves enchained in a coffle, because the documentary evidence is thin, but Wallers march is an exception. John Armfield Barrister and Mediator John specialises in estate litigation. 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