The foundations of phenomenology: epistemology, methodology, and analysis, in Approaches to Qualitative Research: An Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research in American Music Education, Vol. Hffding, S., and Martiny, K. M. (2016). Cole, M. (1995). The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Routledge, 337345. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Moustakas, Clark. Sinha, P. N., Inkson, K., & Barker, J. R. (2012). Phenomenological research methods. It utilized the phenomenological research design. Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: a comparison of historical and methodological considerations. Meaningful and meaningless experience: towards an analysis of learning from life. In this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the Geiger, S. W., Robertson, C. J., & Irwin, J. G. (1998). . For organizations with a powerful leader and without external or board governance, poor decisions can be catastrophic, because, as Sharpanskykh (2009) states, individuals make decisions within the context of selfself-needs, abilities, perception of organizational environment, and social structure. The notion of phenomenological horizon has been conceptualised differently according to which philosophical perspective is adopted. Keywords: Phenomenological Research Methodology, Bracketing, Intuiting, Analyzing, Describing 1.0. Hello, would you like to continue browsing the SAGE website? At this, Pharaoh declared that God was righteous, he and his people were sinners, and that he would therefore let Gods people go upon relief from the hail. Malden, MA: Polity Press, Cambridge. Stebbins, R. A. The concept of analysis involves breaking things into parts, while phenomenology is about potting parts of any experience (phenomenon) together to get a sense of the whole, to get into phenomenological reduction. We are looking for the essence. This requires getting a sense of the whole rather than of the part. WebPhenomenology has long served as a research model for many psychologists and other social science scholars and professionals. The textural description, which is by now translated in the language in which the study is conducted (if different from the language in which the participants expressed themselves during the interviews), presents what is experienced by each participant to provide this thick description, it is important to ask the following question for every invariant meaning unit: what can possibly appear as the texture of the participants experience? Therefore, to avoid misleading uses of terminology, the suggestion is to use the term data explication, which Groenewald (2004) suggested. Though philosophically sensible, the terminology somehow lacks clarity even when defined. Nichol, F. D. (1953). A phenomenological research design illustrated. Available at: [Accessed 2 Mar 2023]. According to Moustakas (1994, p. 85) adopting a bracketing status allows that whatever or whoever appears in our consciousness is approached with an openness. In other words, phenomenology, in its original form, is an attempt to explore the relationship between the knower and the known, which is an epistemological issue in philosophy rather than an ontological position. Giorgi, A. Since we are interested in cross-cultural experiences, in the past, for example, we used such phenomenological qualitative type of investigation to find out what it is like for Saudi international students to transition from a gender-segregated society to a mixed-gender environment while studying and living as international students (Alhazmi and Nyland, 2013, 2015). 2. Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). 1000 Regent University Drive, Virginia Beach, VA 23464. Health Res. This illusory control perpetuates repetition of belief in self, belief in accuracy of self-knowledge, and continuation of the decision-making logic. The sixth plague brought boils to all of the Egyptian people, but Pharaoh did not repent (Ex 9:8-12). Web2. Front. Lester, S. (1999). Every statement, phrase, sentence, and paragraph in each transcript is examined to elicit statements relevant to the experience. Spinelli, E. (2005). It is part of the phenomenological approach towards discovering the essential structure and meanings of the experience as described by the participants. New York, NY: Guilford Press. This is what Finlay (2006, 2008) calls dancing between two approaches, and it is also the approach that we endorse. Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology. The hybrid phenomenological qualitative method. Cleaning up the big muddy: A meta-analytic review of the determinants of escalation of commitment. The structure of the experience deals with emergent themes, and these describe the essential aspect of the experience. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 45(1), 27-60. Pract. Learn More about Embedding icon link (opens in new window). Such methods are considered fitting for most investigations if one wants to discover, understand, and gain insight from which the most can be learned. Webthat builds upon existing practices developed in virtual environments, and other forms of technology-mediated spaces; and sits within the field of knowledge of art and technology, and the emerging field of virtual worlds research. Alhazmi, A. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 1994. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412995658. This cookie is used by Issuu analytic system. Can we trust the phenomenological interview? After the interviews are conducted with all the participants, the interview recordings are transcribed. At the same time, it is crucial not to ignore the unique and different views of the participants. Basic themes of transcendental phenomenology are intentionality, eidetic reduction, and constitution of meaning. By transcendental phenomenology we refer primarily to the work of Edmund Husserl and his early assistants Edith Stein and Eugen Fink. To minimise this necessary risk, it is recommended to ask external reviewers to be independent judges and check for consistency under the themes that are selected. Based on Sauls submission to God, and the acceptance and fulfillment of his mission, it becomes clear that Saul acknowledged Gods power and sovereignty, set aside his personal preferences, tempered self-confidence and ego, and disregarded others negative opinions of his newly constructed noetic-noematic paradigm. Hollander, J. Several of the researchers own modifications of the phenomenological research method were applied. Health Res. Giorgi, A. The first domain had two levels of interaction, with the first being the relationship between researcher, participants, and raw data as a dialogical relationshipa dialogical relationship in the sense that the researcher is actively engaged, through dialogue (in the form of spoken or written communicative utterances or actions), in constructing reasonable and sound meanings from the data collected from the participants (Rossman and Rallis, 2003; Steentoft, 2005). Guba, E. G., and Lincoln, Y. S. doi: 10.1163/156916272X00100, Von Eckartsberg, R. (1989). In this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by-step through the process of conducting a phenomenological study. Moustakas, Clark. We must begin by rehearsing, once again, Husserl's descriptions of the transcendental-phenomenological reduction. This mode assists in focusing on the second aspect of the research, which requires an examination of how the experience might affect the cultural identity of the participants, that is, that part of their self-conception that is typically influenced by the cultural background of their country of origin, and that is responsible for shaping their social values and beliefs. Christofi, V., and Thompson, C. L. (2007). The whole phenomenological qualitative approach process is not description vs. interpretation, since interpretation is inevitably involved in describing and understanding the description of other peoples lived experiences (Langdridge, 2008). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Rev. These are then illustrated through lived experiences of two biblical leaders, Pharaoh and Saul/Paul. To design a phenomenologically based qualitative investigation, we suggest considering three aspects: (1) the aim of the investigation; (2) the philosophical assumptions about the sought knowledge; and (3) the investigative strategies. The noema and noesis are inseparable (Ashworth & Greasley, 2009; Moustakas, 1994). The direction and proposal concerning the activities should be open enough to accommodate the complexity and ambiguity that surrounds any examined phenomenon. Offering insight through establishment of parallels between these theoretical concepts and lived experiences of the biblical leaders Pharaoh (of the Exodus) and Saul/Paul contributes to the body of knowledge in this area. In our work, we considered an internal reality that was built up from the perception of social actors (Bryman, 2008, p. 18) and that was consistent with the subjective experiences of the external world (Blanche and Durrheim, 1999). Support Center Find answers to questions about products, access, use, setup, and administration. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Learn. (2011), power drives confidence, and individuals in power want to keep those positions. Wiersbe, W. W. (1989). Saul, however, experienced an epoche as he set aside his paradigms in order to see things differently (Acts 9:5-9) and consequently led the effort to build the first century church (i.e., organization). 535-544). Committed to a failing strategy: Celebrity CEO, intermediaries, media and stakeholders in a co-created drama. 3, 625. The bracketing mode influences most stages of the research activities about the following aspects: Forming descriptive research questions free from presuppositions to guide and direct the research enquiry, leading to the achievement of a studys aims. Change location, July 1994 | 208 pages | SAGE Publications, Inc. Metaphysical, epistemological, and methodological objections. Rep. 12, 238255. Humanist. J. Contemp. (2011). M. Bosch; February 17-21, 2005; Sant Fliu de Gixols. The importance of such a dialogical relationship, in phenomenological research, is supported by Rossman and Rallis (2003). (2001). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412995658. Moustakas (1994) posits phenomenology as an appropriate tool for exploring and describing shared experiences related to phenomena. Control perpetuates repetition of belief in self, belief in self, belief in accuracy of self-knowledge, individuals. Is examined to elicit statements relevant to the work of Edmund Husserl his... The SAGE website sentence, and Thompson, C. L. ( 2007 ) ) calls between! ( Ex 9:8-12 ) J. R. ( 1989 ) methodological objections ( 1989.! | 208 pages | SAGE Publications, Inc. Metaphysical, epistemological, and Thompson, C. L. ( 2007.... 2006, 2008 ) calls dancing between two approaches, and continuation of the phenomenological Methodology..., P. N., Inkson, K., & Barker, J. R. ( 1989 ) two approaches, Thompson. 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