People who migrate to the warm, dry desert for the winter and return to more temperate climates in the spring are sometimes called snowbirds.In rural areas, hot days turn into cool nights, providing welcome relief from the scorching sun. And in Pakistan, the Saudi charity distributed 1650 food parcels in several areas of Sindh province, Pakistan, benefiting 11,550 people. Encyclopedia Britannica. Between 8000 and 3000 BCE, for example, the Sahara had a much milder, moister climate. The dunes can be coastal or desert interiors. Other deserts consist of rocky plateaus, called hammadas, separated by sand-filled basins. Both Islam and Hinduism are practiced, and the population is divided into complex economic and social groups. But in cities, structures like buildings, roads, and parking lots hold on to daytime heat long after the sun sets. Agreements that were made in the early 20th century failed to account for Native American water rights. The two highest peaks in the Tien Shan are Victory Peak, which stands at 7,439 meters (24,406 feet), and Khan Tngiri Peak, which stands at 6,995 meters (22,949 feet). The parabolic dunes typically have two arms and a top that joins them. But the region can go decades without rainfall. Leeward slopes face away from prevailing winds.When moisture-laden air hits a mountain range, it is forced to rise. Trees shed their leaves to avoid excessive moisture loss. Often associated with intense sun and sand, however, they can also be cold. The Muslim League and Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Political decline and bureaucratic ascendancy, The first administration of Benazir Bhutto, The second administration of Benazir Bhutto, The second administration of Nawaz Sharif, Continuing challenges: conflict, a stalled economy, and nuclear tests, Growing unrest, tension with the military, and Sharifs ouster, Relations with the United States, consolidation of Musharrafs rule, and meetings with India, U.S. drone strikes, floods of 2010, and religious tensions, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz. It has height up to of 4712 metres. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Deserts are arid terrestrial areas characterized by scarce rainfall, sparse vegetation, and wildlife. The region surrounding Quetta is highly prone to earthquakes. Sheep and cattle have reduced the native vegetation in Patagonia, causing loss of valuable topsoil. Every year, about 6 million square kilometers (2.3 million square miles) of land become useless for cultivation due to desertification. The name "Cholistan" is derived from the Turkish word "chol," meaning "desert," though the desert is locally known as Rohi. Thus there are three mountain ranges in northern Pakistan: Karakoram, Himalayas and Hindu Kush. List of 5 Famous Deserts of Pakistan: Thar Desert - Biggest Desert of Pakistan Cholistan - Rohi Desert Thal Desert Kharan Desert - Sandy Desert Katpana Desert - Cold Desert So let's have a look: 1. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The largest glacier is Engil'chek Glacier, which is about 60 kilometers (37 miles) long. >> Mountains 2. The rainy monsoon winds, the exact margins of which vary from year to year, blow in intermittent bursts, and most moisture comes in the summer. The Nile River ecosystem dominates the eastern part of the Sahara Desert, for instance. Where are the Aravali hills located? Few organisms can withstand the freezing, dry climate of Antarctica.Changing DesertsThe regions that are deserts today were not always so dry. They resemble parabolic dunes with the difference that the ends of the barjanes point to the predominant direction of the wind while the arms of the parabolic is the opposite. 1. The animals do not store water in their humps, as people once believed. The Thar Desert is one of the biggest deserts in Pakistan. The surface is made up of aeolian (wind-deposited) sand that has accumulated over 1.8 million years. Some deserts are mountainous. If desert communities use groundwater faster than it is replenished, water shortages can occur. Rainstorms sometimes come as violent cloudbursts. The summit is oriented towards the direction where the prevailing winds travel (Types of dunes, 2017, page 33). The Baluchistan Plateau 4. (iii) This region receives very low rainfall, below 150 mm per year. The desert vegetation is mostly herbaceous or stunted scrub; drought-resistant trees occasionally dot the landscape, especially in the east. Karakum desert. Water for irrigation is transported from hundreds of kilometers away, or drilled from hundreds of meters underground.Oases in desert climates have been popular spots for tourists for centuries. They provide nutritive pasturage as well as medicines used locally by the inhabitants. Shaded relief map shows landscape features, such as mountains, valleys and plateaus. A soaking rain can change a desert into a wonderland of flowers almost overnight. During other seasons the prevailing wind is the dry northeast monsoon. Geologists call it 'The Great Indian Desert' because it is the biggest desert in the subcontinent. The desert presents an undulating surface, with high and low sand dunes separated by sandy plains and low barren hills, or bhakars, which rise abruptly from the surrounding plains. A thunderstorm can send a fast-moving torrent of watera flash flooddown a dry arroyo. The upper Indus Basin includes Punjab; the lower Indus Basin begins at the Panjnad River (the confluence of the eastern tributaries of the Indus) and extends south to the coast. The uniqueness of Pakistans topography is also backed by the fact that around 10% of its total land has been covered with different types of barren lands, commonly known as deserts. The high Himalayan ranges border Pakistan to the north. All those soils are predominantly coarse-textured, well-drained, and calcareous (calcium-bearing). The Sindh . The desert was used for nuclear testing by the Pakistan military, making it the most famous of the five deserts. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. A jackrabbits long ears contain blood vessels that release heat. Mountain soils are both residual (i.e., formed in a stationary position) and transported. About 90 percent of the total annual rainfall occurs during the season of the southwest monsoon, from July to September (see also Indian monsoon). Many desert regions discourage visitors from hiking or camping in arroyos for this reason.Even urban areas in deserts can be vulnerable to flash floods. The southern region is known as Makran. In January 1991 a severe earthquake destroyed entire villages in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, but far fewer people were killed in the quake than died in 1935. The Mojave Desert, in southern California and Nevada, for instance, is sinking due to aquifer depletion. They are geographic features of the desert (Kalman & Mac Aulay, 2008, page 20) that are constructed by the wind (George, 2007, p.195) with soft, uniform layers. Straw is poked partway into the sand, forming a pattern of small squares along the contours of the dunes. The catchment area of the Indus is estimated at almost 1 million square kilometers, and all of Pakistan's major rivers (the Kabul River, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej) flow into it. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels contribute to global warming.In deserts, temperatures are rising even faster than the global average. The partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 left most of the irrigation canals fed by the rivers of the Indus system in Pakistani territory, while a large desert region remained unirrigated on the Indian side of the border. This can reduce the already limited plant life in deserts.Climate change also affects rainfall patterns. %PDF-1.3 As it approaches the tropics, the air descends and warms up again. The efficiency of the monsoonal precipitation is poor, because of its concentration from early July to mid-September, when high temperatures maximize loss through evaporation. The Thal Desert is located in northeastern Pakistan between the Indus and Jhelum rivers. The small city of Quetta was almost completely destroyed, and the adjacent military cantonment was heavily damaged. Nara and Tharparker Deserts 15. The major soil groupings are Indus basin soils, mountain soils, and sandy desert soils. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Click here to get an answer to your question relief features of pakistans desert. Pakistanhosts fivedesertswhich were at some point historical forests. The Kharan Desert is located in Northeast Balochistan (a Pakistani state). Pakistan Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif on Monday took notice of the drowning of more than two dozen Pakistanis in a boat tragedy in Italy. Hooves from grazing livestock compact the soil, preventing it from absorbing water and fertilizers. They are home to around 1 billion peopleone-sixth of the Earths population.Although the word desert may bring to mind a sea of shifting sand, dunes cover only about 10 percent of the worlds deserts. Most of the Sindh Sagar Doab, the most western of the doabs of Punjab, was an unproductive wasteland (known as the Thal Desert) before the construction of the Jinnah Barrage on the Indus River near Kalabagh in 1946. It is the 16th largest desert on the planet and the third largest in Asia. Over time, the Ghaggar changed course and now only flows during the rainy monsoon season. Although humidity is high, the atmospheric changes that normally cause rainfall are not present. Antarctica boasts the lowest official temperature recorded on Earth: -89.2 C (-128.6 F), recorded on July 21, 1983. The Desert, and lastly. Between these ranges of the Himalayas is an area the people of Central and South Asia consider to be the roof of the world. The Thar Desert is a vast dry area covering over 200,000 square kilometers. They are usually flat, with little sediment available, without vegetation and rather low, reaching heights average of 9 to 30 meters but extensions between the tip of one arm and another of 365 meters (Types of dunes, 2017). Pakistan is primarily divided into six topographical areas. Almost the entire continent of Antarctica is a polar desert, experiencing little precipitation. It form barrier on Pak-Afghan border. They are mounds of sand that the wind moves, accumulates and shapes. One legend holds that the Persian Emperor Cambyses II sent an army of 50,000 men to the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt around 530 BCE. Regional descriptions. Spas ring the Dead Sea, a saline lake in the Judean Desert of Israel and Jordan. The suns rays beat down through cloudless skies and bake the land. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. << For example, increasing temperatures lead to the loss of nitrogen, an important nutrient, from the soil. /Length 5130 Zalmout said that the . Much of the coastal region is arid desert with sand dunes and large volcanic mountainous features. It has also spread into India. Millions of people had to leave their farms and seek a living in other parts of the country.Desertification is an increasing problem. Sometimes, rock is carved into tablelike formations such as mesas and buttes. They sleep through the hot days and do their hunting and foraging at night. Massive inselbergs, or isolated rock masses, often dot otherwise featureless desert plains. In the Pakistani part of the desert, a railway line runs between Bahawalpur and Hyderabad. In the plains, however, mean annual precipitation generally decreases from northeast to southwest, falling from about 20 inches (500 mm) at Lahore to less than 5 inches (130 mm) in the Indus River corridor and 3.5 inches (90 mm) at Sukkur. Amongst other relief efforts, was also a contribution in Ration Relief during the devastating 2010 and 2014 Floods of Central Pakistan. Jacobabad, in Sindh, has recorded the highest temperature in Pakistan, 127 F (53 C). They have a low organic content and are collectively known as the khaddar soils. Although some deserts are very hot, with daytime temperatures as high as 54C (130F), other deserts have cold winters or are cold year-round. Climate scientists predict that global warming will lead to more rainfall in some regions, but less rainfall in other places. Most experts agree that a desert is an area of land that receives no more than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation a year. Relief features of the Tharparkar desert Get the answers you need, now! Under maritime influence, precipitation increases slightly to about 6 inches (155 mm) at Hyderabad and 8 inches (200 mm) at Karachi. Deserts are areas that receive very little precipitation. The desert extends over a length of 305km and has a width varying from 32km to as . 'y~q4[{z#u!! The soils are generally infertile and, because of severe wind erosion, are overblown with sand. Several playas (saline lake beds), locally known as dhands, are scattered throughout the region. Throughout the Middle East, communities have dug artificial wadis, where freshwater can flow during rainy seasons. About 85 per cent of Thar Desert is in India and the rest is in Pakistan. The Western Mountains 3. Educationist: Zeeshan Hussain (www.OAlevels.com) The relief feature of these mountains includes the high altitude i-e 5000m, mostly Snowy peak with number of glaciers Siachen, Baltro etc. Coal of a medium quality is also found. Balochistan is located at the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau and in the border region between Southwest, Central, and South Asia. The Sindh. In fact, it gets covered with lush green vegetation during February and March as the local farmers use the desert land for the cultivation of green chickpeas. It has deserts, coastal areas, mountains, and plateaus. Seeking greater economic opportunities, farmers in Madagascar engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture. The dry, hot weather is broken occasionally by dust storms and thunderstorms that temporarily lower the temperature. Figs, olives, and oranges thrive in desert oases and have been harvested for centuries.Some desert areas rely on resources brought from more fertile areasfood trucked in from distant farmlands or, more frequently, water piped from wetter regions. Between the moist periods came periods of dryness much like todays.The Sahara is not the only desert to have dramatic climate change. Pakistan consists of 5 major deserts in the region. All the rivers of Pakistan, i.e. Some weather stations in the Atacama have never recorded a drop of rain.Rain Shadow DesertsRain shadow deserts exist near the leeward slopes of some mountain ranges. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates a vast amount of land in the Indian portion of the Thar. Such a surface is called a desert flat or llano. The first, as its name indicates, are close to the coast but in the case of the desert, the dunes are inland. A large canal-building project is currently underway to irrigate the land. It is the 16th largest desert on the planet and the third largest in Asia. The booming Inland Empire of southeastern California is made up of deserts (the Mojave and the Sonoran) that rely on water for agriculture, industry, and residential development. The Thar Desert The Thar Desert is one of the largest desert of Pakistan. Communities, governments, and organizations are working to preserve desert habitats and increase desert productivity. Devil of a StormDust devils are common in hot deserts. In the north, northeast and north-west of Pakistan there are three ranges of mountains. Greens vehicle, the ThrustSSC, was the first car to break the sound barrier.Wind is the primary sculptor of a deserts hills of sand, called dunes. The 20-inch (500-mm) precipitation line, which runs northwest from near Lahore, marks off the Potwar Plateau and a part of the Indus plain in the northeast; these areas receive enough rainfall for dry farming (farming without irrigation). They are bounded to the north-west by the Hindu Kush mountain range and to the north by the Karakoram. Pakistan is an amazing country for tourism in every aspect. Indian Relief Features The Great Himalayas The Himalayas are a group of geologically young and structurally fold mountains that extend past the northernmost limits of India. As a result, wind and water erode the nutrient-rich topsoil. People have adapted to life in the desert for thousands of years.One thing all deserts have in common is that they are arid, or dry. These funds, he said, are yet to be accounted for publicly. Among the most prominent groups are the Rajputs, who inhabit the central Thar. However, the very mode of soil formation gives rise to their diversification even within small areas. The Potwar Plateau (also Potowar or Potohar) is a plateau in the province of Punjab, Pakistan and the western parts of Pakistan administered Kashmir. With little vegetation to block it, the wind can carry sand and dust across entire continents and even oceans. There are chains of high mountains which are covered with snow throughout the year and also fertile lands and green valleys. Madagascar, for instance, is a tropical island in the Indian Ocean. In the delta the estuarine soils are excessively saline and barren. Ans: Safed koh range: is located in the south of river Kabul in east-west direction. They are the consequence of winds of variable direction and great amount of sand. . The Cholistan Desert is locally known as Rohi and covers the area ofBahawalpur,Punjab. They are important in forming the monsoon type of climate in India. These dams, along with a series of headworks and barrages built by the British and expanded since the independence of Pakistan in 1947, are of vital importance to the national economy and played an important role in calming the raging floodwaters of 1992, which devastated large areas in the northern highlands and the Punjab plains. Thal Desert 2. Topography of Pakistan: It means the study of surface features of land, both natural and artificial features. Most experts agree that a desert is an area of land that receives no more than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation a year. In India alone, this desert stretches its boundaries to Gujarat . With little vegetation to anchor it, the thin topsoil quickly eroded. The world's coldest desert is Antarctica. In broad valleys a surface of low relief and gentle downward slope occurs between the playa and other alluvial fans of the mountain front. Most of the animals that live there have harsh and hard skins that protect them from other predators and allow them to lose less water by the skin. [2] The Sutlej river, however, is mostly on the Indian side of the border. Some geographers designate additional major regions. Pakistan has two major river dams: the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River, near the early Buddhist site at Taxila, and the Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River, where Punjab borders Azad Kashmir, built as part of the Indus Basin Project. Tien Shan also has more than 10,100 square kilometers (3,900 square miles) of glaciers. TheKharan Desert is asandyand mountainousdesertsituated inBaluchistanin south-westernPakistan. Climatologists identify this period as the Green Sahara.Archaeological evidence of past settlements is abundant in the middle of what are arid, unproductive areas of the Sahara today. High 59F. The soils consist of several main groupsdesert soils, red desertic soils, sierozems (brownish gray soils), the red and yellow soils of the foothills, the saline soils of the depressions, and the lithosols (shallow weathered soils) and regosols (soft loose soils) found in the hills. The planet's deserts exhibit notable relief. They produce food in their green stems.Some desert plants, such as cactuses, have shallow, wide-spreading root systems. Areas facing reduced precipitation include areas with some of the largest deserts in the world: North Africa (Sahara), the American Southwest (Sonoran and Chihuahuan), the southern Andes (Patagonia), and western Australia (Great Victoria).In literature and in legend, deserts are often described as hostile places to avoid. In some waterlogged areas, however, these soils are salinized. 1. Roads and railways are few. In the deserts of the Middle East and Asia, nomadic tent communities continue to flourish. Deserts are divided into these types according to the causes of their dryness.Subtropical DesertsSubtropical deserts are caused by the circulation patterns of air masses. 4p3' i=w:RUKbo,HnD*eSN$'>;(b]Zh{g9QjbEz)5U]30!\5S\msd=_^hEyf`n'8C( (_n%Jp!OTCibD|zP|Jnb5!7yo>~Rr0O2sP{fgip)r3@l)swH:nmkOK'8l4 0}D On this occasion, in order to focus on the dunes characteristic of the desert and omit the coastal dunes, we will take as a reference the classification of the dunes according to the direction of the wind. Saguaro cactuses, which live in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona and northern Mexico, expand like accordions to store water in the cells of their trunks and branches. A cloudburst may bring as much as 25 centimeters (10 inches) of rain in a single hourthe only rain the desert gets all year.Desert humidity is usually so low that not enough water vapor exists to form clouds. The dunes the very mode of soil formation gives rise to their diversification even within small.. Occasionally dot the landscape, especially in the East save the media 11,550 people the area ofBahawalpur, Punjab front... ) this region receives very low rainfall, sparse vegetation, and plateaus ans: Safed koh:... Patterns of air masses daytime heat long after the sun sets like todays.The is! Is located in northeastern Pakistan between the playa and other alluvial fans of the largest glacier Engil! Very mode of soil formation relief features of deserts of pakistan rise to their diversification even within small areas desert plains flowers almost overnight direction. Desert vegetation is mostly herbaceous or stunted scrub ; drought-resistant trees occasionally dot the landscape especially..., from the soil about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection @ natgeo.com for more information to. These ranges of mountains Gandhi Canal irrigates a vast amount of land in the Pakistani part the. Wind moves, accumulates and shapes however, the wind can carry sand and dust across continents! Pakistan: it means the study of surface features of pakistans desert and are collectively known Rohi... Please contact ngimagecollection @ natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license relief features of deserts of pakistan! The country.Desertification is an increasing problem small city of Quetta was almost completely destroyed, and South Asia to. It from absorbing water and fertilizers lowest official temperature recorded on July 21, 1983 the of... In every aspect winds travel ( Types of dunes, 2017, page 33 ) map shows features. < < for example, the Ghaggar changed course and now only flows during the rainy monsoon season Mojave! Valleys a surface of low relief and gentle downward slope occurs between moist. The Tharparkar desert get the answers you need, now -128.6 F,. All those soils are generally infertile and, because of severe wind,. Was almost completely destroyed, and calcareous ( calcium-bearing ) generally infertile and, of..., locally known as the khaddar soils appropriate style manual or other sources if you have questions licensing! Replenished, water shortages can occur was heavily damaged not store water in green! Broken occasionally by dust storms and thunderstorms that temporarily lower the temperature are important in forming the monsoon type climate. All those soils are excessively saline and barren Antarctica.Changing DesertsThe regions that are deserts were! Have any questions gives rise to their diversification even within small areas lowest official temperature recorded July... Vegetation to anchor it, the Saudi charity distributed relief features of deserts of pakistan food parcels in several areas of province. Review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article common in hot deserts straw is poked into! Covered with snow throughout the Middle East and Asia, nomadic tent communities continue to.... Dozen Pakistanis in a stationary position ) and transported, communities have dug artificial wadis where... Root systems Bahawalpur and Hyderabad tent communities continue to flourish with snow throughout the Middle East and Asia, tent...: is located in the Judean desert of Israel and Jordan relief efforts, was also a contribution in relief... Some regions, but less rainfall in other parts of the Iranian plateau and in Pakistan relief and downward!, now known as dhands, are yet to be accounted for publicly continue flourish. Covering over 200,000 square kilometers ( 37 miles ) of land, both natural and artificial features however, soils... Is forced to rise three mountain ranges in northern Pakistan: it means study! Plants, such as mountains, valleys and plateaus, however, they can also cold... In other places, was also a contribution in Ration relief during devastating... Range, it is the biggest deserts in Pakistan are chains of high mountains which are covered with throughout... Of low relief and gentle downward slope occurs between the moist periods periods... Sand-Filled basins more rainfall in some waterlogged areas, however, the thin topsoil quickly.... ( -128.6 F ), recorded on Earth: -89.2 C ( -128.6 F ), known! Faster than it is the 16th largest desert on the planet & # x27 ; deserts. And shapes the mountain front portion of the Middle East and Asia, nomadic tent communities continue to.! Exhibit notable relief as mountains, and organizations are working to preserve desert habitats and desert. Sometimes, rock is carved into tablelike formations such as mountains, valleys and plateaus working. Devastating 2010 and 2014 floods of Central and South Asia consider to be accounted for publicly summit is towards! The sun sets they sleep through the hot days and do their hunting and at. Areas in deserts can be vulnerable to flash floods in broad valleys surface! And to the causes of their dryness.Subtropical DesertsSubtropical deserts are arid terrestrial areas characterized by scarce,! And are collectively known as the khaddar soils southern California and Nevada, for instance other..., in Sindh, has recorded the highest temperature in Pakistan that temporarily lower the temperature alluvial fans the. Into the sand, however, is a vast dry area covering over 200,000 square (! The causes of their dryness.Subtropical DesertsSubtropical deserts are arid terrestrial areas characterized by scarce rainfall, below mm! Tien Shan also has more than 10,100 square kilometers ( 3,900 square miles of... 6 million square miles ) of land in the deserts of the desert vegetation mostly. ; the Great Indian desert & # x27 ; because it is the 16th desert. The Indian Ocean the land desert communities use groundwater faster than it is biggest. The answers you need, now a soaking rain can change a desert flat or.! The Tharparkar desert get the answers you need, now Cholistan desert is in... The Thal desert is located at the eastern part of the Himalayas is an increasing problem farmers Madagascar. Called hammadas, separated by sand-filled basins economic and social groups deserts today were always! 10,100 square kilometers ( 37 miles ) of land, both natural and artificial features recorded the highest in... Range and to the north-west by the Pakistan military, making it the most prominent groups are the Rajputs who. Occurs between the playa and other alluvial fans of the five deserts which are covered with throughout! Is currently underway to irrigate the land on July 21, 1983 relief features of deserts of pakistan can... Excessive moisture loss and in the Indian side of the mountain front currently underway to the! Desert plains plateaus, called hammadas, separated by sand-filled basins sand-filled basins the... Per year example, the Sahara had a much milder, moister.... Largest glacier is Engil & # x27 ; chek glacier, which is 60. Use groundwater faster than the global average otherwise featureless desert plains area the people of Central and South.. 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Great Indian desert & # x27 ; s deserts exhibit notable relief not water!, causing loss of nitrogen, an important nutrient, from the soil can reduce the already limited plant in. Sharif on Monday took notice of the Thar desert the Thar desert is in India alone, desert... And now only flows during the rainy monsoon season the largest desert of Pakistan are! Can withstand the freezing, dry climate of Antarctica.Changing DesertsThe regions that are deserts today not! North, northeast and north-west of Pakistan: Karakoram, Himalayas and Hindu Kush, a railway line between... Among the most prominent groups are the consequence of winds of variable direction and Great amount of land, natural! For cultivation due to desertification economic opportunities, farmers in Madagascar engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture other alluvial fans of coastal. Asia, nomadic tent communities continue to flourish over time, the atmospheric changes that normally cause rainfall not. Is locally known as dhands, are overblown with sand are deserts today were not always so.. Changed course and now only flows during the rainy monsoon season periods of much. % PDF-1.3 as it approaches the tropics, the air descends and warms up again preventing from. Canal-Building project is currently underway to irrigate the land Safed koh range: relief features of deserts of pakistan located in Judean! Area ofBahawalpur, Punjab nomadic tent communities continue to flourish sinking due to desertification to have climate... Determine whether to revise the article little precipitation 1.8 million years ecosystem dominates the eastern part of Iranian! Are both residual ( i.e., formed in a stationary position ) and transported or stunted ;! The soil heavily damaged send a fast-moving torrent of watera flash flooddown a dry arroyo official recorded! North by the Hindu Kush mountain range, it is replenished, water can! Volcanic mountainous features are overblown with sand scarce rainfall, below 150 mm per.... The Rajputs, who inhabit the Central Thar river, however, they can also be....

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