The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. Once a Dutch presence had been established in the Spice Islands, ships commissioned by the Dutch East India Company assaulted Portuguese ports from the Indian Ocean to China. The group Young Italy advocated for. The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. James's court was a less happy place than Elizabeth's, however, because he suffered from financial difficulties and his favorite aides were unpopular with political leaders. other religious establishments of the Roman Catholic Church were also considered fiefs. Meme Explained: This meme refers to the fact that by definition of Sun Tzu, a Chinese General, Strategist, Phillosopher and the author of the famous book, "the art of war", a kingdom once destroyed, cannot rise again to what it used to be. Here, you can find the complete list of all questions used for the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. During the two years his mother, Anne of Austria (16011666), served as regent, France's policy was largely guided by her adviser, Cardinal Jules Mazarin (16021661). Tensions between Spain and the Ottomans had reached a peak in the mid-1500s. The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. In Russian history, what nickname was the first Tzar given for their tyranny? Edward Tudor (15371553; ruled 154753) was the youngest, but as a male he had the strongest claim to be ruler. He also knew that Joanna experienced bouts of emotional instability and might not have control over Philip. Landing in Peru in 1532 with a small Spanish army, Pizarro first befriended then captured the Inca emperor, Atahuallpa. The Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer was based on Cranmer's second version, but it was modified to allow individual worshipers The plot failed, however, and Essex was arrested. Among them were Drake, John Hawkins (15321595), and Martin Frobisher (c. 15351594). Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. Francis issued a list of banned books and established a court to punish heretics. We will have to build, reinforce, and train our own army to rise up as the most powerful on the map. In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. From 1609 until 1614, between 300,000 and 350,000 Moriscos were forced to leave Spain. Francis also received a proper noble education in the art of war. Cao Cao Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. Since the thirteenth century all Holy Roman Emperors had come from the house of Habsburg. When Louis died in 1515, Francis became king. English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. Consequently, the earliest efforts at exploration by the English, Dutch, and French concentrated on lands unclaimed by either country, Classical educations were provided to members of the ruling classes and the clergy, and scholars avidly studied ancient history. Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. Under her command, the French won several important battles. Genoa fell to his naval forces, led by admiral Andrea Doria (14661560). When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. You can play in a way that suits your style,whether that be reckless military adventurism and dreams of global dominance,or quiet and unobtrusive statecraft and dreams of a happy populace. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. Henry's sixth and last wife was Katherine Parr (15121548), a young widow whom he married in 1543. Unable to capture Paris by force, Henry embraced Catholicism in 1593 and entered the city peacefully the following year. His excuse was that he was forced to sign the document at a time when he could not think clearly. Royal Family of Liechtenstein. quest for new territories and markets in the East (see "The age of European exploration" section later in this chapter). Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . Q: What is the native language of Cleopatra VII, otherwise known as Cleopatra Queen? The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. Charles felt he now had the right to move into Naples. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. Rise of Germany . The tribes formed their own kingdom, sometimes called the Visigoth Kingdom of Toulouse, which spread across southern Spain to claim . conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 led to Mary's execution at Fotheringhay castle in 1587. Spain and France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. There were two main dynasties that ruled the Franks during the Middle Ages, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty. The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII (14621515; ruled 14981515), joined Swiss troops and Ferdinand of Aragon to overthrow Sforza rule in Naples. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. By the time Charles died in 1461, the English had been driven from all French territory. Charles also continued the war against France in Italy. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. ceremony. The younger Louis was challenged by Henry of Anjou (11331189), who took the English throne as Henry II (ruled 115489) in 1154. Originally, the Hudson Bay, the Hudson River, and the river valley were settled by the Dutch, who controlled entrance to the river at the fortress town of New Amsterdam, on what is now Manhattan Island. Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). Senior, Isaac Abrabanel, and others tried in vain to have the order revoked. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. By the year 1700, there were not two, but five important European empires with influence throughout the world: Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. Since she had no heirs, the Tudor dynasty came to an end. Eventually feuds and dynastic (ruling family) disputes arose among the Muslims (see "Ottoman Empire" in Chapter 1). Below you will find a complete list of Questions included in Peerless Scholar trivia and their answer along with a guide on how to take part in the event. Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). The aged Jimnez de Cisneros, who was now archbishop of Toledo, acted as regent of Castile until Charles arrived in Spain. After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. During a famous confrontation with the emperor, the German priest refused to budge on his controversial views. The ships did not set sail again until July. The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile were not to be merged. Spain had often attracted the attention of people from North Africa as a promising new land. North and South America were later named for Vespucci. Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. Calling themselves Comuneros and supported by practically all levels of society, they demanded that no foreigners be appointed to government positions. The Renaissance palace at Hampton Court was the scene of many splendid entertainments. They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. The Spanish lost 1,000 men. During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." Although feudalism had been replaced by a new economic system, social and political structures were still based on the fief. They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. The English were weakened by their loss to the French during the Hundred Years' War. Monarchies used to rule the world. Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. Francia: French National Day is on July 14 in order to coincide with which historical event? Archaeologists discover 300 burials in ancient Merovingian necropolis. timer. The power of the Holy Roman Empire had dwindled, and princes (noblemen who ruled states)particularly in the more than two hundred principalities of Germanywere seeking independence. In 1328 his nephew, Philip VI (12931350; ruled 132850), took the throne as the first king from the Valois (pronounced val-WAH) family, a branch of the Capetians. Royal Family of Denmark. In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). This victory inaugurated the most brilliant era in Portuguese history. Modern scholars have altered this view, however, concluding that Renaissance ideas became dominant in the 1530s during the reign of Henry VII's brother, Henry VIII (14911547; ruled 150947). Royal Family of United Kingdom. (See "England" section later in this chapter.). John IV ushered in Portugal's silver age, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the wealth of Brazil once more made Lisbon one of the most brilliant European capitals. The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. Columbus's ships went off course and he did not reach Asia. In the golden age of Portugal, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Portuguese explorers sailed most of the world's seas. Margaret was exiled to France, and Henry lived the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London (a prison for members of the royalty and nobility). They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. 6,279 talking about this. Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. KingRider. During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. READ FULL REVIEW >. A significant development in all three of these monarchies was the rise of nationalism, or pride in and loyalty to one's homeland, which was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance period. Much like moder. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. Ferdinand and Isabella also took over a municipal league known as the Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood), which had provided mutual assistance and protection to its members for several centuries. The geography and number of subkingdoms varied over time, but the term Francia eventually came to refer to . In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. Only 18 of the original 250 sailors survived Magellan's voyage, which was the first to circle the entire globe. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, was named Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1558. In 1441 an expedition returned from the Rio de Ouro region of Africa with a cargo of captured slaves, thus beginning the African slave trade, which continued into the nineteenth century. Publisher's summary: Confraternities were the most common form of organized religious life in medieval and early modern Europe. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). The feudal system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. The country's early history is indistinguishable from that of the other Iberian peoples. The reign of Louis's grandson, Philip IV (called Philip the Fair; 12681314; ruled 12851314), marked the supremacy of the French monarchy. Ferdinand and Isabella ascended to the throne as the Catholic Monarchs of Spain in 1474. The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. Diverse people lived within the territories. The growing emphasis on capitalism and trade in Europe was probably the most influential factor in the drive for exploration. Over the next thirty years the French armies continued to advance, winning major battles against the English. Its significance goes far beyond its role in a few centuries in the European Middle Ages, however. Here Puritan The Muslims lived across the Strait of Gibraltar from Portugal, at the port city of Ceuta. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. Their efforts were defeated after the king's agents bullied and bribed the majority of Cortes members. He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. Undaunted by Francis's new partnership, Charles launched a successful assault against the French king's Turkish ally in the Mediterranean Sea. After the battle at Mberg, Charles V concentrated his foreign policy on forming alliances rather than on waging war. According to the map, Italy in the early 19th century was. Other native tribes were quickly brought under control by the conquistadors, and for the next three centuries Spain built up an empire in the New World. By 1536, however, Francis was determined to seek revenge against Charles. This is where the country of France is today and the name for France comes from the Franks. In 1071 Muslim Turks had seized Jerusalemthe center of the Holy Land and a city considered sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christianswhen they conquered the Byzantine Empire (the eastern part of the former Roman Empire, based in Constantinople, which is now Istanbul, Turkey). In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. The English made three assaults on the Spanish, but they did not inflict any serious damage. been deeply in love with her husband, Joanna was completely devastated and could not rule. For a time Jews' property was seized, but they did not receive any further punishment. James's wife, Anne of Denmark, hired Jones to build the Queen's House on the royal estate at Greenwich. In spite of tense relations with Parliament and the threat of involvement in wars abroad, James supported the Renaissance that had been initiated by Elizabeth. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. Cranmer was also eager to introduce changes, and young Edward, having been tutored by Protestants, was enthusiastic about reform as well. Marco Polo. Moorish architects renewed cities with intricately decorated mosques, lush gardens, and paved streets. In these lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been known in Europe. In 1630 the Netherlands seized some coastal towns in northern Brazil. rise of kingdoms . allowed Napoleon Bonaparte to establish a totalitarian dictatorship in France. Soon Catherine, like Anne Boleyn, was found guilty of adultery; she was beheaded in 1542. Dias's voyage, however, did not match the 1497 journey of Vasco da Gama (c. 14601524), who went across the southernmost tip of Africa and sailed all the way across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast of India. According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). Many of the natives near these garrisons were forced to convert to Christianity. During the Caroline War, the French regained much of the territory lost during the Edwardian War. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. During her long reign Renaissance ideas dominated literature. Edward was a talented military leader, but his weaknesses were laziness, cruelty, and a hesitancy to call meetings of the Parliament. In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. The monarchs reorganized the Santa Hermandad into a national militia (citizens army) that was funded by towns. He also invaded Provence, a region in southeast France, and areas of northern France. In the 1860s, the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Kaiser Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, initiated a series of conflicts designed to unite the German states under their influence. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. Parr and Anne of Cleves outlived Henry, who died in 1547. Gradually, however, the kings established a strong monarchy that ruled all duchies in France. 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