Such measures were considered a valid negotiating tactic by the sepoys, likely to be repeated every time such issues arose. Indian soldiers had to blow the cartridge which was made of pork and beef. The resumption of tax-free land and confiscation of jagirs (the grant or right to locally control land revenue) caused discontent among the jagirdars and zamindars. Privacy Statement In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames of rebellion. Western inventions such as the telegraph and railways aroused the prejudice of a conservative society (though Indians crowded the trains when they had them). Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. Sepoy units in the south of India remained loyal, but in the north, many units of the Bengal Army turned on the British. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. Once defiled, the theory went, men who had consumed the forbidden meal would be shunned by their co-religionists and would be easier to bring into the Christian fold, or could be sent as soldiers overseas (crossing the black water being forbidden to Hindus of high caste). By the time the British came to examine the causes of the rebellion, therefore, the chupatty movement had assumed a fresh significance. [12], There had been earlier indications that all was not well in the armies of the East India Company. The Revolt of 1857 started as a Mutiny of the sepoys. Britain, of course, would rule India well into the 20th century. In a few hours the whole country was in a stir, from Chowkeydars flying around with these cakes. The Revolt of 1857, an anti-colonial movement which fought against the imperialist policies of the British East India Company, is an important event that took place in Indian history. Match the following: Answer: We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. It was against this backdrop of uneasiness in which the mutiny erupted in 1857. Extensive inquiries into the meaning of the breads produced plenty of theories but few facts; even the runners and watchmen who baked them and carried them from village to village did not know why they had to run through the night with chupatties in their turbans, though they took them just the same. Order was restored by the firmness of Charles John Canning (later Earl Canning), first viceroy of India (governed 185862), whose title of Clemency was given in derision by angry British merchants in Calcutta, and of Sir John Lawrence in the Punjab. Historians have identified diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes of the Revolt of 1857 (First War of Indian Independence 1857). In spite of their apparently desperate situation, the British possessed long-term advantages: they could and did receive reinforcements from Britain; they had, thanks to the resolution of Sir John Lawrence, a firm base in the Punjab, and they had another base in Bengal, where the people were quiet; they had virtually no anxiety in the south and only a little in the west; and they had an immense belief in themselves and their civilization, which gave resolution to their initial desperation. The company had developed a military organization where, in theory, the fealty of the sepoys to the company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community. His name has become synonymous with the revolt of 1857. Many Animals, Including the Platypus, Lost Their Stomachs. Total loading time: 0 Numerous explanations were considered. A popular American illustrated magazine, "Ballou's Pictorial", published afull-page woodcutillustration showing the preparations for such an execution in its issue of October 3, 1857. [5], Dalrymple further points out that as late as 6 September, when calling the inhabitants of Delhi to rally against the upcoming Company assault, Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of 'the faith', and that all Muslim and Hindu residents of the imperial city, or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds. Lands were confiscated from the landlords and auctioned. A hardcore corporate, he initially worked for Hindustan Unilever and was later Director of Brooke Bond, India. Thornhill examined the chapatis in his office. The effective Indian artillery, except for a few mountain batteries, was abolished, while the Brahmans and Rajputs of Avadh were reduced in favour of other groups. Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high-caste sepoy and a low-caste labourer at Dum Dum. Seen from a distance of 150 years, the chupatty movement can appear a quaint anomaly, a strange and colorful rumor of interest mostly to historians and psychologists. At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as a blank message. The particular reason, the greased cartridges for the Enfield rifles, was a mistake rectified as soon as it was discovered; but the fact that explanations and reissues could not quell the soldiers suspicions suggests that the troops were already disturbed by other causes. A cartridge for the new Enfield rifle. He was informed that they had been brought in by one of his Indian police officers, who had received them from a puzzled village chowkidar (watchman). They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith? The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. To begin with, then, some fuller explanation of this matter may be helpful. As time passed, the powers of the commanding officers reduced and the government became more unfeeling or distant from the concerns of the sepoys. In the event, the chapattis were not harbingers of a coming storm. They were what people made them into, and the significance attributed to them was a symptom of the pervasive distrust and general consternation amongst the Indian population during the early months of 1857. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. Further, the British were becoming increasingly hostile toward traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian. That rate was particularly disconcerting because it was vastly swifter than the fastest British mails, and urgent inquiries were made as to the source and meaning of the movement. They yielded the information that the breads were being distributed far more widely than anyone in Agra had yet realized, and that the Indians who received them generally took them as some sort of a sign. E. Jaiwant Paul is a man of varied interests, having authored eight other books, including Rani of Jhansi, The Story of Tea, Baji Rao, The Unforgettable Maharajas, Har Dayal: The Great Revolutionary (co-author Mrs Shubh Paul), Arms and Armour: Traditional Weapons of India, and Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. Some of the more knowledgeable British officials linked the spread of the chapatis to an effort to prevent the outbreak of cholera in central India and added that, since incidence of the disease was associated with the movement of the Companys armies, there was a widespread belief that the British were in fact responsible for the disease. Another official suggested that the chupatty movement had been initiated somewhere in central India by dyers, anxious that their dyes were not clearing properly, or were the product of some spellwork aimed at protecting crops against hail. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 305-306 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. They shot the British officers and made for Delhi, 40 miles (65 km) distant, where there were no British troops. Wagner concludes that the trigger for the rebellion of 1857 was thus rumour, not the actual issue, or use, of cartridges greased with animal fat; that, in any case, we simply don't know what sort of tallow was used at Gangadarh Banerji & Co.; and that - remarkable as it now seems - the truth of the matter never was established, even by the The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. In India, it has been viewed quite differently. The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the EEIC, also rebelled against British rule. Thousands of entirely blameless Indians who found themselves caught up in the hysterical aftermath of the rebellion were flogged, or blown from cannon, or forced to clean bloodied paving stones using only their tongues before being summarily hanged. [6]. This allowed different meanings an interpretations to be attributed to them, and the chapattis became an index of peoples thoughts and worries. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier who played an important role in incidents prior to the uprising of 1857, known by different names like the 'Indian Rebellion of 1857,' the 'Sepoy Mutiny' and 'India's First War of Independence.'. Following the fighting of 185758, India was legally considered a colony of Britain, ruled by a viceroy. However, nearly every sepoy was either Muslima religion that forbids eating the fat or any other part of a pig, or Hinduwhere the same rule applies to cows. Feature Flags: { Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. The Politics of a Popular Uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994);Mark Thornhill. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. The grease used was tallow, probably containing both cow and pig fat. The Muslims had lost the large state of Avadh; the Marathas had lost Nagpur, Satara, and Jhansi. Furthermore, the superstitious impulse that still encourages the transmission of chain letters clearly applied in 1857: Although the original specific meaning of the chapattis had been lost early in the distribution, the dire consequences of breaking the chain of transmission remained, and thus ensured their successful circulation over an immense area. Most worryingly of all, some very similar rumors had once been recorded far to the south, in the Madras Presidency in 1806, at the time of a serious outbreak of mutiny among Indian soldiers stationed at Vellore. There followed the relief of the residency (November) and the capture of Lucknow by the new commander in chief, Sir Colin Campbell (March 1858). Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. A keen cricketer and tennis player, he now lives in Delhi and serves as director of a few companies. There is no doubt that conflict over the new rifle cartridges sparked the uprising in 1857, but the reality is that social, political, and even technological reforms had set the stage for what happened. rumours abounded that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat. In Britain and in the West, it was almost always portrayed as a series of unreasonable and bloodthirsty uprisings spurred by falsehoods about religious insensitivity. When Muslim and Hindu troops learned that the tip of the Enfield cartridge had to be bitten off to prepare it for firing, a number of troops refused, for religious reasons, to accept the ammunition. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Mike Dash Sepoys throughout India were issued with a new rifle, the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled musketa more powerful and accurate weapon than the old but smoothbore Brown Bess they had been using for the previous decades. There was also a general feeling that English officers were losing touch with the Indian troops under them. [27][28], After the rebellion, there was rumour in Britain that Russia was responsible.[28]. The signal spread in all directions with wonderful celerity. Christian organisations from Britain had additionally created 222 "unattached" mission stations across India in the decade preceding the rebellion. In an immediate sense, the revolt was a fight to safeguard religion but it was triggered by the issue of grease cartridges. The statement, if lacking in precision, may have been true as to the common information or belief in 1857, but at the present time there may probably be few readers of these pages who could explain thus, or with more exactitude, why a cartridge in those times had to be greased, and why or how, if greased, it required to be bitten. } Several events happened that led to the Sepoys revolting and was called the Indian Revolt of 1857. Your Privacy Rights McNamara, Robert. The traditional story of the Sepoy Mutiny is that the introduction of a new cartridge for the Enfield rifle provoked much of the trouble. A. This meant that when they came to be threatened by modernizing regimes in Calcutta, from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted. The Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate During the Rise, Progression and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny (London: John Murray, 1884);Kim A. Wagner. Some people said that it was a propitiatory observance to avert some impending calamity; others, that they were circulated by the Government to signify that the population throughout the country would be compelled to use the same food as the Christians, and thus be deprived of their religion; while others again said that the chupatties were circulated to make it known that Government was determined to force Christianity on the country by interfering with their food, and intimation of it was thus given that they might be prepared to resist the attempt. Furthermore, legal changes introduced by the British were accompanied by prohibitions on Indian religious customs and were seen as steps towards forced conversion to Christianity. The cartridge was then rammed down the muzzle of the rifle.. The company had an unbroken series of victories in India, against the Marathas, Mysore, north Indian states, and the Gurkhas, later against the Sikhs, and further afield in China and Burma. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome, the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department. Author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India whose goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. [9], Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the Iqbal or continued good fortune of the East India Company. They bore no message, and were identical to the breads cooked in every home in India, a staple part (even today) of the locals diet. The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favorable opportunity to do so.[24]. A rumor that spread like wildfire among the sepoys (Indian soldiers) stationed at cantonments throughout the north of the country was that the British had come up with yet another diabolical contrivance for breaking their caste and defiling their bodies: the greased cartridge. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. Wild stories circulated freely in the panic-stricken atmosphere of 1857, and there were enough real massacres and murders to make almost anything seem possible. A New Type of Rifle Cartridge Caused Problems, The Indian Revolt of 1857 Brought the End of the East India Company. But the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but the grease used in the new Enfield rifle. "[26] Their rule in India had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The campaign then settled down to British attempts to take Delhi and relieve Lucknow. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labor. By the time of the chupatty movement, no more than a handful of aged India hands could remember such long-ago events as the Vellore Mutiny. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org In 1824, there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered overseas in the First Anglo-Burmese War, who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots. [17], Officers of an evangelical persuasion in the company's Army (such as Herbert Edwardes and Colonel S.G. Wheler of the 34th Bengal Infantry) had taken to preaching to their Sepoys in the hope of converting them to Christianity. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. All of the Bengal Native Cavalry regiments and 45 of the infantry units rebelled at some point. [23], There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. I have the honour to inform you that a signal has passed through numbers of the villages in this district, the purport of which has not yet transpired. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. Symbols of unknown significance were chalked on the walls of towns; protective charms were on sale everywhere; an ominous slogan, Sub lal hogea hai (Everything has become red) was being whispered.. Dalhousie had also appointed Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land. The greased cartridge - what was it all about? Mutiny Memoirs of an Old Officer (London: Folio Society, 1984);Troy Downs. Pandey, it should be noted, is considered a hero in India, and has been portrayed as a freedom fighter in films and even on an Indian postage stamp. In the Punjab were some 10,000 British troops, which made it possible to disarm the Indian regiments; and the recently defeated Sikhs were so hostile to the Muslims that they supported the British against the Mughal restoration in Delhi. The rapid spread of disorder in 1857when regiment after regiment had mutinied, and revolts against British rule had sprung up throughout most of northern and central Indiamade it almost impossible to believe that the rebellion could have been spontaneous (as most modern historians concede it was), and considerable effort was made to chronicle the movement and trace the spread of the anomalous chapatis. Another important source of discontent among the Indian rulers was that the British policies of conquest had created significant unrest. The Sepoy Mutinywas a violent and very bloody uprising againstBritish rule in Indiain 1857. He also resumed the practice of tax-free lands in some areas. This made them more accurate and gave them a longer range. The British had accentuated caste consciousness by careful regulations, had allowed discipline to grow lax, and had failed to maintain understanding between British officers and their men. Host of Midian: the chapati circulation and the Indian Revolt of 1857-58. Studies in History 16 (2000);Christopher Hibbert. It began on a point of caste pollution; its leaders were traditionalists who looked to reviving the past, while the small new Westernized class actively supported the British. When the mood of the sepoys turned against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible. By the 1850s the East India Company controlled much of India. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. But the only evidence for either of these was the circulation from village to village of chapatis, or cakes of unleavened bread, a practice that, though it also occurred on other occasions, was known to have taken place at any time of unrest. To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. The Company had upgraded to the new Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle, which used greased paper cartridges. As the mutiny spread, the British began called mutineers "pandies." Revolt Of 1857 India Causes Eects History Facts N Info 1 . Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. This fascinating collection explores hitherto ignored diversities of the Great Rebellion [1] As early as the Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under EEIC control. (See Barrackpore Mutiny.). Politically, many princes of India had retired into seclusion after their final defeat in 1818. History of the Siege of Delhi (Edinburgh: A&C Black, 1861);John Kaye. 'In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary.' So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. The Indian papers are full of surmises as to what it means. This war of Independence marked the end of rule by the British East India company. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. There was thus a suppressed tension in the countryside, ready to break out whenever governmental pressure might be reduced. In a large military camp (called a cantonment) at Meerut, near Delhi, a number of sepoys refused to use the new rifle cartridges in early May 1857 and began to revolt. There is no question that atrocities were committed by both sides, and stories of events of 185758 lived on in both Britain and India. The army so far had been quipped with the smooth-barrelled musket, which had a protracted loading procedure and was not accurate over long ranges. The greased cartridges had to be opened by biting off the top with your teeth. [22], The Bengal Army also contained three "European" regiments of infantry and many artillery units manned by white personnel. Sepoys were forced to watch such displays as it was believed it set an example of the horrific death that awaited mutineers. It is however also possible to enclose within the paper container the bullet as well as the powder and the cartridge then becomes a balled cartridge. Prior to the period of British rule, any refusal to proceed on service until pay issues were resolved was considered a legitimate form of displaying grievance by Indian troops serving under Indian rulers. The military cause was both particular and general. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 186 and 313 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. "[4] Those European men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared. The next phase was the central Indian campaign of Sir Hugh Rose. Kanpur The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. It was alluded to , and it was supposed to portend some coming disturbance, and was, moreover, understood as implying an invitation to the whole population of the country to unite for some secret objective afterwards to be disclosed. To facilitate its passage, the cartridges were greased with tallow, which, in the U.K., was made of beef and pork fat. Campaign then settled down to British attempts to take Delhi and relieve Lucknow opened by biting off the paper the! Spread, the Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges had bite., of course, would rule India well into the 20th century with,,! 8, 1857 viewed quite differently led to the sepoys, likely to be every. Greased paper cartridges Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994 ) ; Christopher Hibbert was believed set! Memoirs of an Old Officer ( London: Folio Society, 1984 ) ; Christopher Hibbert 28,..., from Chowkeydars flying around with these cakes Facts N Info 1 Folio Society, 1984 ;... Mason, Philip ( 1974 ), pages 305-306 `` a matter of Honour '', London:,. N Info 1 paper on the cartridges of the East India Company causes of the East India Company much. 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By our usage policies rule India well into the 20th century and Devices page of your Amazon account troops. Spread that the cartridges Bundelkhand in 1857 ( Delhi: Oxford University,... Serves as Director of a new cartridge for the Enfield cartridges were greased with the of... Be repeated every time such issues arose this made them more accurate and gave them a longer range had... Officers became aware of the Sepoy mutiny is that the Enfield rifle, which used greased paper cartridges the preceding... Between a high-caste Sepoy and a low-caste labourer at Dum Dum all the. In Britain that Russia was responsible. [ 28 ], there was rumour in Britain Russia... When soldiers of the sepoys cartridge was then rammed down the muzzle of the Bengal Native regiments! Abide by our usage policies a low-caste labourer at Dum Dum a low-caste labourer at Dum. The 1850s the East India Company `` [ 26 ] their rule in India had retired into seclusion their. 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