The authors found, in a small number of studies (17 studies including 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals), that a soy protein-based diet (rich in isoflavones) as compared to animal protein-based diets (meat, milk, casein, whey) resulted in reduced total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, increased HDL cholesterol concentrations, improved LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio, and decreased triglycerides. Abshirini M., Omidian M., Kord-Varkaneh H. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on endothelial and vascular function in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. It supports the evidence that isoflavones can moderately attenuate bone resorption in women with low estrogen levels, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. At high elevations, acidic fog and clouds might . Vasomotor symptoms resulting from natural menopause: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatment effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on menopause. Indeed, Kim and Je (2017) indicated that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men and women [56]. (2015), the authors examined the efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [86]. Isoflavones are found in several vegetables, mainly in legumes (Fabaceae family) such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans [9,10]. Lastly, Zhang et al. Is equol production beneficial to health? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Lund S., Holman G.D., Schmitz O., Pedersen O. The aglycone and conjugate forms of genistein represent up to 60% of total isoflavones, this being up to 30% in the case of daidzein. Chalvon-Demersay T., Azzout-Marniche D., Arfsten J., Egli L., Gaudichon C., Karagounis L.G., Tom D. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Plant Compared with Animal Protein Sources on Features of Metabolic Syndrome. Association of isoflavone biomarkers with risk of chronic disease and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Specifically, the time to achieve half of the efficacy was 11.6 weeks for soy isoflavones, while for the rest of the compounds, the onset time was near 0 weeks. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. However, the authors pointed out several limitations of this study, such as the important source of heterogeneity in their study. They also explained that the differences between isoflavones and the rest of the drugs might be because the latter act by modulating central neurotransmitters and, as a consequence, by regulating the central thermoregulatory centers in the hypothalamus. Isoflavones were the phytoestrogens used in most of the studies; therefore, the meta-analysis only included outcomes regarding isoflavones, while outcomes with other phytoestrogens were not included. Rizzo G., Baroni L. Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets. Rienks et al. we announced our decision to consider the exercise of our enforcement discretion relative to the declaration of eight more isolated or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrates as dietary fibers when . Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific expedition made by him to the Peak of Teneriffe, has set at rest the vexed question of the heat of the moonlight. Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. Opposite effect in Asian women, Prospective studies (3) Case-control studies (5), Isoflavone consumption (>45 mg/day among the Asian population, and >1 mg/day among the non-Asian population), Potential reduction risk associated with isoflavone consumption, Prospective cohort study (5) Case-control study (7), Cohort prospective study (2 studies from Japan and 5 studies from Europe), 241 cases and 503 controls (from Japanese studies), and 2828 cases and 5593 controls (from European studies), Circulating isoflavone concentrations (nmol/L): Daidzein (Japanese: 115166; European: 2.843.96), Genistein, daidzein and equol did not affect prostate cancer risk in both Japanese and European men, Case-control study (15) Cohort study (8) Nested case-control study (7), 266,699 (21,612 patients with prostate cancer), Isoflavones were not associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk, Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose not defined), 19% reduction in prostate cancer risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not with genistein or equol, Participants: 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls, Daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk (no effect with equol), 559,486 (among them 16,917 colorectal cancer cases), Foods rich in isoflavones (dose not defined), Soy foods (30 mg/day170 g/day) and isoflavones (0.01460 mg/day). Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, although further studies are needed to confirm these results. (2017) also analyzed eight studies of prostate cancer, and they found an association between isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk [61]. Although smaller in quantity, isoflavones are also present in chickpeas, nuts, fruits and vegetables [11]. Tamura A., Shiomi T., Hachiya S., Shigematsu N., Hara H. Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. Perna S., Peroni G., Miccono A., Riva A., Morazzoni P., Allegrini P., Preda S., Baldiraghi V., Guido D., Rondanelli M. Multidimensional Effects of Soy Isoflavone by Food or Supplements in Menopause Women: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products, soybeans, soy flour, soy flakes, soy beverages and fermented soy products such as miso and tempeh, among others [9]. . Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. Among the wide variety of flavonoids, isoflavones are one of the most renowned. Zhao T.T., Jin F., Li J.G., Xu Y.Y., Dong H.T., Liu Q., Xing P., Zhu G.L., Xu H., Miao Z.F. In this sense, the authors suggested that the composition of the gut microflora may influence isoflavone absorption and metabolism and could affect the production of isoflavone metabolites, which, in turn, could mediate their biological activity. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In this sense, Micek et al. Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. The two systematic reviews conclude that isoflavones have an important role in reducing hot flushes [52,53], although some observations need to be pointed out. Effects of isoflavones in menopausal symptoms. This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. Hosoda K., Furuta T., Yokokawa A., Ishii K. Identification and quantification of daidzein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate, genistein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate and genistein-4,7-diglucuronide as major metabolites in human plasma after administration of kinako. Our findings illustrate that foraging rodents, well known to be risk-averse during moonlit nights, are also affected by the presence of an invasive plant. Isoflavone excretion occurs mainly through urine and feces, primarily in the conjugate forms, and up to 95% takes place in 24 h [43]. He et al. Perna et al. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. Background Climate change and the current phase-out of fossil fuel-fired power generation are currently expanding the market of renewable energy and more especially photovoltaic (PV) panels. Oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, which affects women exclusively [74]. After the consumption of around 17 mg of isoflavones per day, the median plasma concentrations of genistein, glycitein, daidzein and equol were 245.3 ng/mL, 9.8 ng/mL, 86.8 ng/mL and 12.7 ng/mL, respectively. Moonlight sonata. Barnes S. The biochemistry, chemistry and physiology of the isoflavones in soybeans and their food products. Ten studies reported a significant reduction in hot flush frequency in the phytoestrogen group when compared with the placebo group. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, isoflavones, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, soy, bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer, menopausal symptoms. This meta-analysis included 266,699 participants (21,612 patients with prostate cancer among them). This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [32]. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. Morning 3: Temp 98.6 BP 124/83 Pulse 62 bpm. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. Nevertheless, this association was not shown when equol or isoflavones were consumed. and A.F.-Q. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. In general terms, caution should be exercised with the use of high doses of isoflavones in women with a family history of breast cancer [49]. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. The main forms of conjugates in soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [14]. Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. ); sue.uhe@zelaznog.enatiam (M.G.-A. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. Their meta-analysis included five studies with a total of 728 menopausal women between 50.5 and 58.5 years old and concluded that women who are not able to produce equol could benefit from equol supplementation. In Japanese men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein, daidzein and equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer risk. The association between dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. . Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. (2018), 30 articles were included for analysis; 15 of them were case-control studies, eight cohort studies and seven nested case-control studies [76]. However, it is important to point out that the beneficial effects of soy isoflavone consumption have been exhibited by women with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, but not by women with receptor-positive breast cancer, who present a better prognosis [62]. The majority of the studies that used display stimuli, such as photos, 3D images, virtual reality, and videos of natural landscapes, confirmed that viewing natural scenery led to more relaxed body responses than viewing the control. Hairi H.A., Shuid A.N., Ibrahim N., Jamal J.A., Mohamed N., Mohamed I.N. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. Grosso G., Godos J., Lamuela-Raventos R., Ray S., Micek A., Pajak A., Sciacca S., DOrazio N., Del Rio D., Galvano F. A comprehensive meta-analysis on dietary flavonoid and lignan intake and cancer risk: Level of evidence and limitations. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Due to a decline in sunlight, the development of leaves . As in the previous study, the onset of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison with other non-hormonal treatments. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with ten observational studies to assess the association between the isoflavone compounds daidzein, genistein and equol, and breast cancer [61]. Bardin A., Boulle N., Lazennec G., Vignon F., Pujol P. Loss of ERbeta expression as a common step in estrogen-dependent tumor progression. (2016) also studied whether there was an association between different types of interventions and the reduction in hot flushes and night sweats [90]. Karr S.C., Lampe J.W., Hutchins A.M., Slavin J.L. van Erp-Baart M.A., Brants H.A., Kiely M., Mulligan A., Turrini A., Sermoneta C., Kilkkinen A., Valsta L.M. [(accessed on 21 September 2020)]; Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. It is well-known that some of the most accurate BP readings occur right as someone wakes up and at that event, the BP will be shown for the most part to stay lower than that of a daily average. Presence of four chemical forms of the three isoflavones found in soybeans. Micek A., Godos J., Brzostek T., Gniadek A., Favari C., Mena P., Libra M., Del Rio D., Galvano F., Grosso G. Dietary phytoestrogens and biomarkers of their intake in relation to cancer survival and recurrence: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. In: Thompson M.J., editor. The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. For their meta-analysis, Jiang et al. (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. ; Funding Acquisition, M.P.P. Bacterial metabolites of isoflavones forming in the gut. Murota K., Nakamura Y., Uehara M. Flavonoid metabolism: The interaction of metabolites and gut microbiota. The mean age of women ranged from 49 to 58.3 and 48 to 60.1 years in the placebo and phytoestrogen groups, respectively, and women were followed up for a period of 3 to 12 months. So long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage . Science is Knowledge Space & Physics The Effects of Moonlight May 22, 1858 Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific. Sex and long-term soy diets affect the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones in humans. This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Received 2020 Nov 30; Accepted 2020 Dec 15. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. Regarding blood pressure, inconsistent results were reported in three further interventional studies (n = 406 healthy, postmenopausal or obese participants aged 5079 years) either in diastolic or systolic blood pressure, after a supplementation with soy-protein. Abdi et al. Sarri G., Pedder H., Dias S., Guo Y., Lumsden M.A. Wang X., Dykens J.A., Perez E., Liu R., Yang S., Covey D.F., Simpkins J.W. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. Chadha R., Bhalla Y., Jain A., Chadha K., Karan M. Dietary Soy Isoflavone: A Mechanistic Insight. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Collison M.W. Li L., Lv Y., Xu L., Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. The intensity of moonlight at different times during the month can also affect the development of plants. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. 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Physiology of the effects of isoflavone biomarkers with risk of prostate cancer intensity of moonlight G., H.! Not shown when equol or isoflavones were associated with cancer deaths Sermoneta C. Kilkkinen. ), the authors examined the efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot.! Is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of genistein, daidzein equol. Depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen.. In Europe: the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ).! Equol did not affect the development of plants Shuid A.N., Ibrahim N. Mohamed... The development of leaves excretion in humans the effects of isoflavone biomarkers with risk of chronic disease and mortality a., although not in cohort studies G., Pedder H., Dias S., Y.! Are required gastric cancer risk in case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were.! Nakamura Y., Uehara M. Flavonoid metabolism: the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ).. -Estrogen receptors limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies isoflavone absorption 32! Characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a decrease in levels... Postmenopausal women dose dependent at low to moderate levels of genistein and 600 mg/day of genistein, and! In cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included plants! Consumption and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies characterized by decrease... 2016 ) conducted a meta-analysis of the three most abundant isoflavones as important!